Performance evaluation of venturi aeration system

The venturi aeration is an effective practice to increase the dissolved oxygen accessibility in the water bodies. This study aims to optimize the various geometrical parameters of the venturi aeration system. A non-dimensional technique was applied to find the optimum performance of various geometric parameters i.e. throat lengths (t_l), number of air holes (N), and converging and diverging angles (α and β). These experiments have been carried out using 1124 L capacity of tank having dimensions of 105 cm long, 105 cm wide and 102 cm deep. The experiments were conducted at a constant flow velocity of water (1.096 m/s) with varying throat length (t_l = 20–100 mm keeping 20 mm as interval between two consecutive length), number of air holes (N = 1–17 at an equal hole to hole distance of 5 mm between them), and converging and diverging angles (α and β = 10°, 15°, 20° and 25°). Multiple non-linear regression equations were also developed from the linear relation with the dependent variable (Non-dimensional form of standard aeration efficiency, NDSAE) and independent variables (t_l and N). With the geometrically optimized venturi aerator the optimum performance was found for t_l =100 mm, N = 17, and α and β = 15°. The maximum value of standard oxygen transfer rate (SOTR) and standard aeration efficiency (SAE) obtained was 0.0216 kgO₂/h and 0.611 kgO₂/kWh respectively. From the non-dimensional study, it was found that the NDSAE is the function Reynolds number (Re) and Froude number (Fr). The simulation equations were developed on the basis of Re and Fr for NDSAE, and subjected to 7.378 × 10⁻⁶ < Re < 3.689 × 10^-5 and 0.163 < Fr < 0.817, respectively.     

Practical use of response surface methodology for optimization of veterinary antibiotic removal using UV/H2O2 process

Three of the most commonly used veterinary antibiotics—enrofloxacin (ENR), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and oxytetracycline (OTC)—were chosen as representative antibiotics for UV/H₂O₂ treatments. The objective was to determine the optimization of UV/H₂O₂ to remove antibiotics from aquaculture discharge water using response surface methodology. The degradation of the antibiotics was investigated under varying UV/H₂O₂ conditions in environments with different levels of pH, water matrices, humic acid, and constituent ions. The degradation results demonstrated that increasing the H₂O₂ dosage facilitated ENR degradation at a neutral pH while facilitating degradation of SMX and OTC at a slightly acidic pH. The optimum removal conditions for ENR, which was used in all influential effect experiments and the contact tank experiments, was obtained at 10 mM H₂O₂, a pretreated COD of 87.51 mg L⁻¹, and an initial pH of 6.15. Among the tested anions, only the presence of Cl^- showed slight positive effects on ENR degradation, due to the generation of secondary active radicals. During the reaction, the hydroxyl radical (OH) was present at a higher pH while singlet oxygen (¹O₂) was slightly present at a lower pH. The experimental results from H₂O₂ sequential addition indicated that freshly added H₂O₂ could quench the recently generated OH and therefore a high H₂O₂ concentration with frequent adding was not necessary. Our contact system reduced the ENR concentration in both the effluent reservoir and in the UV irradiation zone. The overall results supported the use of the UV/H₂O₂ system to treat remnant antibiotics in the discharge water.     

基于SLAF-seq技术鉴定苹果砧木耐涝候选基因

【背景】苹果（Malus×domestica Borkh）是我国主要栽培果树树种之一,但部分苹果产区由于夏、秋季的大量集中降雨和排水不良等造成果园涝害频繁发生,导致苹果树叶片黄化、脱落,果实品质和产量下降。【目的】鉴定苹果耐涝相关基因,为苹果耐涝分子标记辅助育种和优质高产栽培提供依据。【方法】以耐涝苹果砧木G41和不耐涝苹果砧木新疆野苹果（M. sieverii (Ledeb) Roem.）及其构建的包含495个F₁杂交后代为材料,从F₁杂交群体中挑选出耐涝和不耐涝株系各50株,构建两个极端性状DNA混池,采用简化基因组测序（SLAF-seq）技术,开发SLAF标签和SNP标记,结合苹果基因组信息和遗传关联性分析,对苹果耐涝基因进行定位及候选基因预测,并对候选基因在耐涝差异的株系中进行淹水胁迫下的表达分析。【结果】以‘金冠’苹果为参考基因组,共开发119 072个SLAF标签,其中多态性SLAF有11 133个。通过序列分析和检测SNP位点,共获得6 237 071个SNP,其中高质量SNP有170 617个。通过ED和SNP-index方法关联分析,获得一个与耐涝性状紧密关联的候选区域,位于苹果第10号染色体1.94—3.25 Mb,关联区域大小为1.31 Mb,关联区域内包含120个基因。对该区域内基因进行功能注释,发现一个与呼吸代谢相关的基因—乙醇脱氢酶基因ADH1（MD10G1014500）,在淹水处理后1、2、4和6 d,该基因在耐涝植株中的表达量显著高于不耐涝植株。【结论】将苹果耐涝基因定位于第10号染色体1.94—3.25 Mb处,筛选到可能与苹果耐涝相关的候选基因MD10G1014500,可用于苹果耐涝基因的克隆和功能解析。     

基于标准化降水蒸散指数的甘肃省干旱时空特征分析

为明确气候变化条件下甘肃省不同时间尺度的干旱特征，选用1951-2015年甘肃省33个气象站点逐日气象数据，计算了不同时间尺度的标准化降水蒸散指数SPEI，同时结合Mann-Kendall突变检验、复小波分析、经验正交函数分解、旋转经验正交函数分解等方法，对甘肃省65 a来干旱时空格局特征进行了分析。结果表明：在年际变化趋势方面，甘肃省干旱情势为由干变湿再变干，近年干旱趋势逐渐加重；四季均呈现由干变湿然后变干的趋势，近年春季变干趋势显著；干旱强度在全省范围内主要为轻旱和中旱等级，并表现为局域性轻旱和全域性中旱。在周期性变化方面，甘肃省的干旱时间周期性强弱依次为39、13、7、22 a尺度，但不同时间尺度表现出了不同的干湿震荡规律。在空间格局方面，甘肃省整体上呈西北部干旱缓解、东南部干旱加剧的趋势；春季干旱加剧最明显，冬季次之，夏季和秋季干湿状况基本相似。按照干旱区域敏感性强弱可将甘肃省分为东南地区东部（Ⅰ区）、西北地区（Ⅱ区）、中部地区（Ⅲ区）和东南地区西部（Ⅳ区），其中Ⅲ区呈干旱缓解趋势，其他地区基本呈干旱加剧的趋势。     

厚皮甜瓜新品种红宝玉的选育

红宝玉是以10R15 为母本、10R8 为父本选育而成的中熟厚皮甜瓜一代杂种。植株长势稳健，抗病抗逆性强。全生育期95～110 d（天），果实发育期30～35 d（天）。果实短椭圆形，成熟后果面乳白色，单果质量约1.5 kg，果肉橘红色，肉厚3.5～4.0 cm，腔小不发酵，中心可溶性固形物含量17.5%，肉质紧脆，不脱蒂，耐贮耐运。平均每667 m²产量3 600 kg 左右。适宜在山东、河北、陕西、安徽等地春季保护地设施栽培。     

外源ABA对苹果砧木叶片解剖结构 及内源激素含量的影响

通过光镜和透射电镜分别观察外源脱落酸（ABA）处理下楸子（Malus prunifolia）、平邑甜茶（M. hupehensis）和新疆野苹果（M. sieversii）叶片解剖结构及叶绿体超微结构的变化，利用扫描电镜和酶联免疫法分别研究ABA处理对叶片气孔特征及其内源激素含量的影响。结果表明：与对照相比，ABA处理下楸子、平邑甜茶和新疆野苹果的叶厚分别减少了7.93%、0.25%和0.81%，栅栏组织厚度分别减少了31.43%、8.53%和4.99%（P＜0.05），海绵组织厚度分别增加了10.34%、6.14%和5.63%（P＜0.05），叶肉组织结构疏松度（SR）分别增加了19.59%、6.55%和6.50%。ABA处理下楸子和平邑甜茶的栅栏组织/海绵组织厚度比值（P/S）及叶肉组织结构紧密度（CTR）较对照显著减少（P＜0.05），其中，P/S值分别下降37.86%和13.82%，CTR分别下降25.46%和8.29%，而新疆野苹果的P/S值和CTR下降但不显著。此外，ABA处理下楸子和平邑甜茶的上表皮细胞厚度较对照分别增加了5.82%和6.43%，新疆野苹果的较对照减少了26.23%（P＜0.05）；楸子和新疆野苹果的下表皮细胞厚度较对照增加了12.09%和14.21%（P＜0.05），平邑甜茶的较对照减少了12.56%。平邑甜茶和新疆野苹果叶片上下角质层厚度较对照显著增加（P＜0.05），而楸子的变化不显著。在ABA诱导下，3种砧木的气孔密度、气孔大小（长度×宽度）及其开口度和开张比均不同程度地下降，其中，楸子的较对照分别下降了3.62%、7.12%×19.59%、67.60%和86.66%，平邑甜茶的分别下降了3.50%、4.99%×20.65%、32.42%和58.24%，新疆野苹果的分别下降了8.54%、0.92%×12.06%、20.37%和16.35%。ABA处理下3种砧木叶片细胞中叶绿体的数量变少，类囊体结构排列疏松，叶绿体上的淀粉粒趋于变小。外施ABA使3种砧木叶片内源ABA和玉米素核苷（ZR）的含量极显著增加（P＜0.01），其中楸子ABA和ZR含量比对照分别增加30.83%和13.31%，平邑甜茶的分别增加62.40%和45.28%，而新疆野苹果的分别增加了37.07%和17.06%。楸子和新疆野苹果叶片的吲哚乙酸（IAA）和赤霉素（GA）含量无显著变化，而平邑甜茶叶片的IAA及GA含量比对照分别增加了62.62%和20.62%（P＜0.01）。总之，在ABA处理下，3种苹果砧木的叶片组织解剖结构和气孔特征都发生旱生性结构变化，叶肉细胞中淀粉粒趋于变小，叶片内源ABA和ZR水平增加显著，而IAA和GA水平变化因基因型不同而存在差异。     

东北黑土区坡耕地斜坡垄作与顺坡垄作土壤侵蚀的对比分析

斜坡垄作是东北黑土区最普遍的垄作方式之一，但当前关于斜坡垄作对坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响鲜见报道。为此，本研究基于室内模拟试验，设计2个降雨强度（50和100 mm/h）以及2种垄作方式（斜坡垄作和顺坡垄作），分析东北黑土区坡耕地斜坡垄作与顺坡垄作坡面土壤侵蚀的差异。结果表明：（1）在50和100 mm/h降雨强度下，斜坡垄作断垄前坡面侵蚀速率分别是顺坡垄作的0.46%和0.35%；但在45 min的降雨过程中，由于斜坡垄作发生断垄现象，造成50和100 mm/h两种降雨强度下斜坡垄作坡面侵蚀速率分别是顺坡垄作的1.24和1.03倍。（2）斜坡垄作径流强度和侵蚀速率随降雨历时的变化均从断垄开始发生突变。在50和100 mm/h降雨强度下，随着降雨历时的变化斜坡垄作断垄前的径流强度和侵蚀速率值均低于顺坡垄作,其平均径流强度分别为顺坡垄作的8.42%和3.75%、平均侵蚀速率分别为顺坡垄作的0.46%和0.35%，但斜坡垄作断垄后坡面径流和侵蚀速率明显增大，其平均径流强度分别为顺坡垄作的1.33和1.47倍、平均侵蚀速率分别是顺坡垄作的2.03和1.62倍。（3）在50和100 mm/h降雨强度下，斜坡垄作断垄前坡面径流量和侵蚀量存在显著的线性关系（P<0.01），而断垄后两者的相关关系则不显著（P>0.05）；而顺坡垄作在两种降雨强度下坡面径流量和侵蚀量存在显著的线性关系。（4）在两种降雨强度下斜坡垄作坡面90%以上的径流泥沙均来自断垄后。因此，提高垄丘稳定性和防止断垄现象发生，是减少斜坡垄作坡面土壤侵蚀的关键所在。     

Biocrusts resist runoff erosion through direct physical protection and indirect modification of soil properties

Purpose

Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) are ubiquitous in arid and semi-arid regions and play many critical roles in soil stabilization and erosion prevention, greatly decreasing soil loss. Although sediments may be completely controlled by well-developed biocrusts, runoff loss is observed. Consequently, it is important to study how biocrusts resist runoff erosion in different developmental stages to evaluate and manage water erosion.

Materials and methods

In the Loess Plateau Region, we sampled 32 biocrust plots representing eight stages of biocrust development and 5 slope cropland soil plots as bare soil control plots. We then used a rectangular open channel hydraulic flume to test the effects of biocrust development on runoff erosion.

Results and discussion

As expected, the establishment of biocrusts enhanced soil stability, and accordingly, soil anti-scourability significantly increased with biocrust development. Biocrusts exhibiting more than 36% or 1.22 g dm^?2 of moss coverage or biomass fully protected the soil from runoff erosion. Moreover, soil properties, such as soil organic matter, soil cohesion and soil bulk density, were also important in reducing erosion. The findings indicated that biocrusts inhibited runoff erosion through direct physical protection related to biocrust cover and biomass and through the indirect modification of soil properties. In the early biocrust development stage (when moss cover was less than 36%), cyanobacterial biocrust played a primary role in providing resistance to runoff erosion, with resistance being positively related to cyanobacterial biomass (chlorophyll a) and influenced by soil properties.

Conclusions

The relationship between soil anti-scourability and moss coverage or biomass can be divided into two stages based on a moss cover or biomass threshold. The capacity of biocrusts to resist runoff erosion was limited when moss cover was below the threshold value. Therefore, the stage corresponding to this level of moss cover should be of concern when estimating, predicting and managing water erosion.

     

控释氮肥与普通尿素配施比例和方法对冬小麦灌浆特性的影响

[目的]控释氮肥施用模式影响小麦的灌浆和产量构成因素,利用Richards模型模拟陕西关中地区冬小麦灌浆进程并分析产量构成参数,探究控释氮肥掺混尿素的施肥方式和配施比例对冬小麦增产机理及灌浆特性的影响。[方法]以小麦品种‘小偃22’为供试作物,供试控释尿素的释放期为180天,于2017、2018年在陕西农林科技大学旱区灌溉站进行控释氮肥与尿素配合施用田间试验。共设置3个控释氮肥和普通尿素氮配施比例,依次为8:2 (N2)、7:3 (N3)和6:4 (N4);2种施肥方式,即掺混肥料一次性基施(B,简称基施)和基施控释氮肥+拔节期追施普通尿素(T,简称追施);同时设不施氮肥(CKO)、单施普通尿素(基追比4:6,CK1)和单施控释氮肥(一次性基施,CK2) 3个对照。在分蘖期和返青期统计分蘖数;在成熟期统计穗数,测量穗长、穗粒数、千粒重。从冬小麦开花结束第5天开始,每隔5天取1次样,共取9次,计算千粒重。以花后时间t为自变量,以该时间测得的千粒重(W)为因变量,采用方程W=A/(1+Be~(-Kt))~(1/E),计算灌浆参数和生长势。[结果]施氮能显著提高籽粒千粒重和产量,追施氮可保证灌浆物质来源更加充分,追施氮比例增加,起始生长势增大。适量追氮能延长灌浆持续时间,最大延长11.83天,促使最大灌浆速率出现日提前,最早提前3.791天;各处理在快增期均获得最大生长比率(P_(w2)),与基施处理相比,追施增加了快增期(P_(w2))和缓增期(P_(w3))的持续时间和生长比率,持续时间分别延长1.28～2.27天(T_2)、4.46～7.49天(T_3),生长比率分别增加4.69%～7.80%(P_(W2))和20.12%～37.25%(P_(W3))。基施处理的单位面积分蘖数和有效穗数均高于追施处理,与追施处理相比平均分别增加204.1～264.0个/m~2、29.0～97.1穗/m~2。施肥方式和配施比例的交互作用对产量和单位面积有效穗率具有极显著影响,TN2和BN3产量最高,与CK1相比产量分别提高14.54%和13.09%,与CK2相比产量分别提高11.46%和10.85%;其中,TN2处理千粒重较高,为41.32 g,BN3处理单位面积有效穗数较高,为546.5穗/m~2。[结论]控释氮肥配施普通尿素的比例和施用方法能有效调控灌浆动态和产量构成。本试验条件下,以控释尿素和普通尿素7:3混合后全部基施(BN3)和比例为8:2时追施普通尿素(TN2)的效果最为理想。BN3主要通过增加最大灌浆速率和推迟最大灌浆速率出现日期提高籽粒物质量,并通过单位面积分蘖数保证较高的单位面积有效穗数以提高产量。TN2主要通过保证较高的有效穗率,在灌浆期通过延长灌浆持续时间和提高缓增期的生长比率提高籽粒物质量累积,并获得较高的千粒重以提高产量。在冬小麦生产过程中,优先推荐BN3处理的施氮模式,可在获得高产的同时节约劳动力和成本,但从千粒重角度考虑,TN2处理为较优施氮模式。     

养殖废弃物堆肥中抗生素和抗性基因的降解研究

抗生素的滥用及排放会造成细菌产生耐药性以及抗生素抗性基因(Antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)的传播和扩散。畜禽粪便是导致环境中抗生素污染的主要来源之一。本文综述了四环素类、大环内酯类、喹诺酮类、β-内酰胺类、磺胺类和氨基糖苷类等在水土环境中广泛存在的抗生素及其环境残留水平和对动植物、微生物的影响,分析了当前利用堆肥技术降解畜禽粪便中抗生素和ARGs效果及机制的研究情况。总结得出,猪粪中抗生素残留量最高,其中四环素类残留量为1390~354 000 mg·kg^-1,磺胺类170.6~89 000 mg·kg^-1,氟喹诺酮类411.3~1 516.2 mg·kg^-1,硝基呋喃类85.1~158.1 mg·kg^-1,大环内酯类1.4~4.8 mg·kg^-1。堆肥对大部分抗生素具有好的降解效果,其中四环素类抗生素降解率为62.7%~99%,磺胺类为0~99.99%,对大环内酯类几乎可以完全降解,但是,堆肥无法降解喹诺酮类抗生素。养殖废弃物堆肥过程中,ARGs的降解情况同样因抗生素种类和堆肥方式而不同。已有的研究表明,除大环内酯类ARGs外,堆肥对其他ARGs均具有有效的降解效果,降解率为50.03%~100%。堆肥初期的优势菌门是厚壁菌门、放线菌门、变形菌门和拟杆菌门;堆肥结束后放线菌门成为最优势菌门。初始抗生素的浓度不影响堆肥结束时微生物的群落组成。温度和pH是影响抗生素降解的最主要因素,而ARGs的降解效果主要受温度影响。